Free Human Growth and Development CLEP Practice Test

Erikson defined eight stages, and a "crisis" that is associated with each stage. The Industry (or Competence) vs. Inferiority stage deals with whether the child develops a sense of confidence in intellectual and social skills or develops a sense of failure and lack of confidence.

Behaviorists, such as Pavlov, believed that learning took place as a result of conditioning, or the repeated presence of a stimulus to determine the learned response to the object. Example: Pavlov repeatedly rang a bell when he provided his dogs with their food. After some time with this study, Pavlov would simply ring the bell, and the dogs would arrive and wait to be fed because they had learned to associate the ringing of the bell with feeding time. Thus, a conditioned stimulus was the key to learning.

Down syndrome is caused by an extra chromosome and occurs roughly in 1 out of every 1,000 births. People with Down syndrome are more susceptible to childhood illness, leukemia, and respiratory and heart problems.

Motor development is a biologically-based process. Any efforts by parents to specially train an infant in its motor development has little effect in the long-term, because motor development depends on an individual's own rate of biological maturation.

Elaboration involves connecting new information to the information we already have--associating a new, unfamiliar concept with a familiar one.

An example of an infant in the secondary circular reactions stage is when the infant hits a toy and it makes a jingling sound, so the infant continues to hit the toy. He's not waving his hand just for the sake of waving it, he's waving it so that he can hear the jingling sound.

Underextension and overextension are the two most common semantic errors when children are learning to speak. Underextension is where a word is applied to a smaller number of objects and events than is appropriate--i.e. 'dog' refers only to the house pet. Overextension is the opposite--i.e. 'daddy' refers to any adult man.

Children who grow up with parents using a power assertion style of discipline tend to be more aggressive in their behavior. On the other hand, induction, in which the parent explains to the child the reasons for not doing something, results in well-adjusted, confident children. Example of induction: If you stand on the ball you could fall and hit your head. That is why I don't want you to stand on the ball. I don't want you to fall off and get hurt.

Regression is defined as a reversion to an earlier or less mature pattern of feeling or behavior. If a child goes back to sucking his thumb, or starts wetting the bed regularly even though he is potty-trained, that is regression.

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). Hyperactivity refers to feelings of restlessness, fidgeting, or inappropriate activity when one is expected to be quiet; distractibility refers to heightened distraction by irrelevant sights and sounds or carelessness and inability to carry simple tasks to completion; and impulsivity refers to socially inappropriate speech.